2️⃣ Master Table + Summary |
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# |
Hanzi |
Pinyin |
Tone |
HSK |
English Meaning |
Deutsch |
Function / Use |
Example |
EN |
DE |
1 |
了 |
le |
⚪ |
HSK1 |
completed aspect |
Abschluss-Aspekt |
marks finished action |
我吃了饭 wǒ chī le fàn |
I ate |
Ich habe gegessen |
2 |
过 |
guo |
⚪ |
HSK2 |
experiential aspect |
Erlebnis-Aspekt |
shows past experience |
我去过北京 wǒ qù guo Běijīng |
I’ve been to Beijing |
Ich war schon in Peking |
3 |
着 |
zhe |
⚪ |
HSK3 |
continuous aspect |
dauernder Aspekt |
indicates ongoing state |
他笑着 tā xiào zhe |
He’s smiling |
Er lächelt (gerade) |
4 |
在 |
zài |
🟢 (4→2 variant) |
HSK2 |
progressive aspect |
Verlaufs-Aspekt |
before verb = in progress |
他在写字 tā zài xiězì |
He’s writing |
Er schreibt (gerade) |
5 |
刚 |
gāng |
🔴 (1) |
HSK3 |
just (now) |
gerade eben |
marks recent action |
我刚到 wǒ gāng dào |
I just arrived |
Ich bin eben angekommen |
6 |
刚才 |
gāngcái |
🔴🟢 (1-2) |
HSK3 |
just a moment ago |
soeben |
short past reference |
刚才他来了 |
He came just now |
Er kam gerade eben |
7 |
已经 |
yǐjīng |
🟢🟢 (2-1) |
HSK2 |
already |
schon |
before action happened |
我已经吃了 |
I’ve already eaten |
Ich habe schon gegessen |
8 |
正在 |
zhèngzài |
🟢🟢 |
HSK3 |
be in the middle of |
gerade mitten drin |
progressive indicator |
我正在看书 |
I’m reading |
Ich lese gerade |
9 |
将 |
jiāng |
🔴 (1) |
HSK4 |
will / be going to |
werden / Zukunft |
formal future marker |
将来 jiānglái |
in the future |
zukünftig |
10 |
要 |
yào |
🟣 (4) |
HSK2 |
to want / be about to |
wollen / gleich tun |
imminent future |
我要走 wǒ yào zǒu |
I’m about to go |
Ich werde gleich gehen |