📘 Tabellenstruktur
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#
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Hanzi
|
Pinyin
|
Tone
|
HSK
|
English Meaning
|
Deutsch
|
Function / Wortart
|
Example
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Example EN
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Beispiel DE
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Notes
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1
|
儿
|
ér
|
🟢 (2)
|
HSK1
|
diminutive, familiar
|
Verkleinerung, vertraut
|
makes word colloquial
|
花儿 huār
|
little flower
|
Blümchen
|
儿化 common in North China speech
|
2
|
们
|
men
|
⚪
|
HSK1
|
plural (for people)
|
Plural (Menschen)
|
plural suffix
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我们 wǒmen
|
we
|
wir
|
used only for persons
|
3
|
子
|
zi
|
⚪
|
HSK2
|
noun ending, object
|
Substantivendung
|
forms neutral nouns
|
桌子 zhuōzi
|
table
|
Tisch
|
common nominal suffix
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4
|
头
|
tóu
|
🟢 (2)
|
HSK3
|
end, part, thing
|
Ende, Teil
|
concrete noun suffix
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石头 shítou
|
stone
|
Stein
|
informal, neutral tone
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5
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者
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zhě
|
🟣 (4)
|
HSK4
|
person, one who does
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Person, der/die …
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agent noun
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作者 zuòzhě
|
author
|
Autor
|
from verb → noun
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6
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员
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yuán
|
🟢 (2)
|
HSK3
|
member, staff
|
Mitglied, Angestellte/r
|
institutional person
|
服务员 fúwùyuán
|
waiter
|
Kellner/in
|
often in professions
|
7
|
家
|
jiā
|
🔴 (1)
|
HSK3
|
expert, specialist
|
Fachmann, Experte
|
academic / professional noun
|
音乐家 yīnyuèjiā
|
musician
|
Musiker/in
|
also means “family/home”
|
8
|
师
|
shī
|
🔴 (1)
|
HSK3
|
master, teacher
|
Meister, Lehrer
|
professional title
|
老师 lǎoshī
|
teacher
|
Lehrer/in
|
honorific
|
9
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士
|
shì
|
🟣 (4)
|
HSK4
|
scholar, soldier
|
Gelehrter, Soldat
|
formal / rank
|
战士 zhànshì
|
soldier
|
Soldat
|
formal register
|
10
|
工
|
gōng
|
🔴 (1)
|
HSK2
|
worker, labor
|
Arbeiter, Handwerk
|
occupation suffix
|
工人 gōngrén
|
worker
|
Arbeiter
|
productive noun
|
11
|
长
|
zhǎng
|
🔵 (3)
|
HSK3
|
chief, head
|
Leiter, Chef
|
position title
|
校长 xiàozhǎng
|
principal
|
Schulleiter
|
after institution
|
12
|
性
|
xìng
|
🟣 (4)
|
HSK5
|
property, nature, –ness
|
Eigenschaft, -heit
|
abstract noun
|
可能性 kěnéngxìng
|
possibility
|
Möglichkeit
|
–性 = abstract quality
|
13
|
化
|
huà
|
🟣 (4)
|
HSK5
|
–ize, transform
|
-isieren, verwandeln
|
verb/noun creator
|
美化 měihuà
|
beautify
|
verschönern
|
adds transformation sense
|
14
|
学
|
xué
|
🟢 (2)
|
HSK3
|
–ology, study of
|
-wissenschaft, -kunde
|
field of study
|
语言学 yǔyánxué
|
linguistics
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Sprachwissenschaft
|
attaches to fields
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15
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主义
|
zhǔyì
|
🟣(4)🟢(2)
|
HSK5
|
–ism, doctrine
|
-ismus, Lehre
|
ideological term
|
资本主义 zīběn zhǔyì
|
capitalism
|
Kapitalismus
|
abstract ideology
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16
|
界
|
jiè
|
🟣 (4)
|
HSK5
|
world, circle
|
-welt, -kreis
|
professional domain
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艺术界 yìshùjiè
|
art world
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Kunstwelt
|
like “community”
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17
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院
|
yuàn
|
🟣 (4)
|
HSK2
|
institute, hospital
|
Institut, Klinik
|
building / institution
|
医院 yīyuàn
|
hospital
|
Krankenhaus
|
institution name
|
18
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馆
|
guǎn
|
🔵 (3)
|
HSK2
|
hall, building
|
-haus, -halle
|
public place
|
图书馆 túshūguǎn
|
library
|
Bibliothek
|
place suffix
|
19
|
场
|
chǎng
|
🔵 (3)
|
HSK2
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field, site
|
Platz, Ort
|
place / event suffix
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机场 jīchǎng
|
airport
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Flughafen
|
location suffix
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20
|
头 / 边 / 面
|
tóu / biān / miàn
|
🟢 / 🟢 / 🟣
|
HSK3
|
side, end, surface
|
Seite, Rand, Fläche
|
spatial suffix
|
外边 wàibiān
|
outside
|
draußen
|
directional suffix
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21
|
儿化 (-r)
|
ér (retroflex)
|
🟢 (2)
|
HSK5
|
diminutive / northern sound
|
nördliche Endung
|
adds local accent
|
门儿 ménr
|
door (colloquial)
|
Tür (umgangsspr.)
|
Beijing speech
|
22
|
员化 (compound)
|
yuán-huà
|
🟢-🟣
|
HSK6
|
double suffix (member + change)
|
Doppelsuffix (Mitglied + Umwandlung)
|
derived profession
|
协会会员 xiéhuì huìyuán
|
association member
|
Vereinsmitglied
|
|
23
|
家化 (compound)
|
jiā-huà
|
🔴-🟣
|
HSK6
|
professional transformation
|
Berufs- / Fach-Suffix
|
adds specialization
|
教育家 jiàoyùjiā
|
educator
|
Pädagoge
|
|
24
|
性化 (compound)
|
xìng-huà
|
🟣-🟣
|
HSK6
|
–ization of property
|
Eigenschafts-/Veränderungs-Suffix
|
abstract noun
|
国际化 guójìhuà
|
internationalization
|
Internationalisierung
|
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